Connectivity of post-fire runoff and sediment from nested hillslopes and watersheds     

Codie Wilson  Stephanie K. Kampf  Sandra Ryan  Tim Covino  Lee H. MacDonald  Hunter Gleason 《水文研究》2021,35(1):e13975

Wildfire increases the potential connectivity of runoff and sediment throughout watersheds due to greater bare soil, runoff and erosion as compared to pre-fire conditions. This research examines the connectivity of post-fire runoff and sediment from hillslopes (< 1.5 ha; n = 31) and catchments (< 1000 ha; n = 10) within two watersheds (< 1500 ha) burned by the 2012 High Park Fire in northcentral Colorado, USA. Our objectives were to: (1) identify sources and quantify magnitudes of post-fire runoff and erosion at nested hillslopes and watersheds for two rain storms with varied duration, intensity and antecedent precipitation; and (2) assess the factors affecting the magnitude and connectivity of runoff and sediment across spatial scales for these two rain storms. The two summer storms that are the focus of this research occurred during the third summer after burning. The first storm had low intensity rainfall over 11 hours (return interval <1–2 years), whereas the second event had high intensity rainfall over 1 hour (return interval <1–10 years). The lower intensity storm was preceded by high antecedent rainfall and led to low hillslope sediment yields and channel incision at most locations, whereas the high intensity storm led to infiltration-excess overland flow, high sediment yields, in-stream sediment deposition and channel substrate fining. For both storms, hillslope-to-stream sediment delivery ratios and area-normalised cross-sectional channel change increased with the percent of catchment that burned at high severity. For the high intensity storm, hillslope-to-stream sediment delivery ratios decreased with unconfined channel length (%). The findings quantify post-fire connectivity and sediment delivery from hillslopes and streams, and highlight how different types of storms can cause varying magnitues and spatial patterns of sediment transport and deposition from hillslopes through stream channel networks.  相似文献   

Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15-year cave-monitoring study     

Jin Liao  Chaoyong Hu  Xiuli Li  Jiaoyang Ruan 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14163

Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.  相似文献   

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡三叠系百口泉组扇三角洲优质储集层预测          下载免费PDF全文

桑林翔  刘军  王贵文  王苏天  李全  张云龙 《古地理学报》2020,22(6):1053-1064

针对准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡风南地区三叠系百口泉组扇三角洲砂岩物性空间变化大、优质储集层(孔隙度大于7.4%,渗透率大于0.05×10^-3μm²)预测难的问题,在沉积岩石学、地震沉积学以及地震反演和解释理论指导下,综合利用测井、岩心和三维地震等资料开展了高精度层序地层划分、沉积微相描述和优质储集层地震反演研究。建立了风南井区四级层序地层格架,明确了扇三角洲多期水进水退的充填过程,指出SSQ3和SSQ5是优质储集层的发育层系;识别出扇三角洲平原分流河道、河道间和扇三角洲前缘水下分流水道、河口坝、席状砂等沉积微相,指出扇三角洲平原是优质储集层发育相带;通过应用高分辨层序地层纵向边界和沉积相横向边界约束,进行分层相控叠后地震波阻抗反演,提升储集层预测精度,在SSQ3和SSQ5预测5个优质储集层发育区,提出3口井的井位建议,钻探均获工业油流。  相似文献   

钻井局域网实时监控设备研发          下载免费PDF全文

韩晓玲  闫思江  韩文峰  张圣杰  韩红玲 《探矿工程》2020,47(12):30-35

为实现钻井指挥部对各钻井站点钻采工艺的远程监控，在前期钻井工艺参数自动实时监测的单机研发基础上,本文应用TIA portal软件进行主站从站组网监控研究，实验设备用Siemens1200PLC做主控机，用Siemens200PLC做从站控制机监控钻采现场工艺参数，通过主控机与各从站点组态，实现主控机对从站主从控制。装机后在钻采现场进行了无线网传输实验，实验结果表明:应用互联网通信技术解决无线网断点续传问题，能够实现了钻采实时监控数据短距离传输。  相似文献   

Long‐term temporal and spatial patterns in bioeroding sponge distribution at the Abrolhos Bank,Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic     

Fernando Coreixas de Moraes  Fernanda Cervi  Cludia S. Karez  Leonardo T. Salgado  Rodrigo L. Moura  Gabriella A. Leal  Alex C. Bastos  Gilberto M. Amado‐Filho 《Marine Ecology》2019,40(3)

Bioeroding sponges belong to the most dominant bioeroders, significantly contributing to the erosion of coral reefs. Some species are tolerant or even benefit from environmental conditions such as ocean warming, acidification, and eutrophication. In consequence, increases in sponge bioerosion have been observed on some coral reefs over the last decades. The Abrolhos Bank is the largest coral reef system in the South Atlantic. It has been affected by sedimentation, eutrophication, overfishing, and climate change, mainly affecting coastal reefs, and at lesser intensity outer ones as well. This study aimed to describe spatial and temporal patterns in bioeroding sponge distribution in carbonate substrates in the Abrolhos Bank. Photo‐quadrats were used to compare bioeroding sponge abundance between two shallow reefs: a coastal, Pedra de Leste (PL), and an outer reef, Parcel dos Abrolhos (PAB). Each individual was delimitated over the substrate by determining the sponge surface through a line connecting the outermost papillae. The study was conducted over 6 years in 2008–2009 and 2013–2016. Four species of bioeroding sponges were identified: Cliona carteri Ridley, 1881, C. delitrix Pang, 1973, C. cf. schmidtii Ridley, 1881, and Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971. The distribution and abundance of species varied between the inner and outer reefs and across the years, and displayed certain selectivity for the calcareous substrates recorded. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) were the main substrate excavated by the most abundant bioeroding species, C. carteri, and represented 70% of the substrate types occupied by this sponge (CCA, coral overgrown by CCA and plain coral). The highest abundance of bioeroding sponges observed in photo‐quadrats was 21.3 individuals/m² at the outer reefs (PAB) in 2014. The abundances or areal extents of bioeroding sponges were up to 10 times greater on the outer reefs than on the coastal ones, where sedimentation is higher and more strongly influenced by siliciclastic material. Moreover, a higher herbivorous fish biomass has been reported on outer reefs which could also influence the higher abundance of bioeroding sponges in outer reefs. During the study period of 6 years, an increase in bioeroding sponge abundance was observed at the outer reefs (PAB), with the sea surface temperature increase. As CCA have an important role in reefal cementation and carbonate production in the Abrolhos reefs, a bioerosion impact might be expected, in particular, on the outer reefs.  相似文献   

煤层陷落柱多波地震数值模拟与成像研究     

朱广辉  韩建光  谷丙洛 《地质论评》2020,66(3):720-726

陷落柱是煤田勘探开发中常见的地质灾害体,陷落柱的精确探测一直是煤田安全生产研究的重点,单纯依靠常规纵波地震勘探技术难以满足现阶段煤田精细勘探的需求。多波地震勘探技术能够获得纵波和转换波地震资料,提供更丰富的波场信息,且转换波对于埋深较浅的小幅度构造有更高的分辨率,充分利用多分量地震资料可以有效的提高地震勘探的精度。本文将多波地震技术应用到煤层陷落柱研究中,利用数值方法对煤层陷落柱进行多波地震勘探模拟研究,采用弹性波有限差分方法对构建的陷落柱模型进行多分量正演模拟,然后分别对波场分离后的PP波和PS波地震数据进行叠前深度偏移成像测试。通过对两个小尺寸陷落柱模型进行多波地震数值试算表明,多波地震勘探技术是一种有效的煤层陷落柱探测方法,充分利用多波地震资料有利于查明煤层陷落柱构造,对陷落柱取得更好的勘探效果。  相似文献   

基于CUDA的地震相干体并行算法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张全 《地质与勘探》2020,56(1):147-153

相干体技术在地震勘探资料解释方面得到了广泛的应用,由于相干体技术处理的对象是三维地震数据体,所以算法运算时间较长。为了缩短解释周期,本文充分发挥GPU并行计算优势,对C3相干体算法进行并行化分析。从硬盘读取数据到GPU上计算相干值并写入硬盘的整个过程进行分析,剔除了冗余数据的读取,完成了C3相干体算法的并行化设计与实现。最后分别对串行算法与并行算法进行性能测试,结果表明本文设计的并行算法在保证精度的前提下达到了16倍左右的加速比,对加快地震资料解释具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Strain analysis of a seismically imaged mass‐transport complex,offshore Uruguay     

Michael J. Steventon  Christopher A.‐L. Jackson  David M. Hodgson  Howard D. Johnson 《Basin Research》2019,31(3):600-620

Strain style, magnitude and distribution within mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) are important for understanding the process evolution of submarine mass flows and for estimating their runout distances. Structural restoration and quantification of strain in gravitationally driven passive margins have been shown to approximately balance between updip extensional and downdip contractional domains; such an exercise has not yet been attempted for MTCs. We here interpret and structurally restore a shallowly buried (c. 1,500 mbsf) and well‐imaged MTC, offshore Uruguay using a high‐resolution (12.5 m vertical and 15 × 12.5 m horizontal resolution) three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection survey. This allows us to characterise and quantify vertical and lateral strain distribution within the deposit. Detailed seismic mapping and attribute analysis shows that the MTC is characterised by a complicated array of kinematic indicators, which vary spatially in style and concentration. Seismic‐attribute extractions reveal several previously undocumented fabrics preserved in the MTC, including internal shearing in the form of sub‐orthogonal shear zones, and fold‐thrust systems within the basal shear zone beneath rafted‐blocks. These features suggest multiple transport directions and phases of flow during emplacement. The MTC is characterised by a broadly tripartite strain distribution, with extensional (e.g. normal faults), translational and contractional (e.g. folds and thrusts) domains, along with a radial frontally emergent zone. We also show how strain is preferentially concentrated around intra‐MTC rafted‐blocks due to their kinematic interactions with the underlying basal shear zone. Overall, and even when volume loss within the frontally emergent zone is included, a strain difference between extension (1.6–1.9 km) and contraction (6.7–7.3 km) is calculated. We attribute this to a combination of distributed, sub‐seismic, ‘cryptic’ strain, likely related to de‐watering, grain‐scale deformation and related changes in bulk sediment volume. This work has implications for assessing MTCs strain distribution and provides a practical approach for evaluating structural interpretations within such deposits.  相似文献   

基于钻进状态监测的智能工况识别          下载免费PDF全文

范海鹏  吴敏  曹卫华  赖旭芝  陈略峰  陆承达 《探矿工程》2020,47(4):106-113

钻进过程状态监测旨在实时描述钻进工况，判断运行性能优劣程度进行非优追溯，及时指导司钻人员调整作业操作,保证钻进过程安全、高效、稳定开展。钻进工况是钻进系统运行状态的反映，因此开展面向状态监测技术的钻进工况识别研究具有重要的理论和应用价值。本文针对钻进工况识别问题，基于状态监测数据，建立基于支持向量机的钻进工况识别模型，对钻进工况进行识别。综合工况识别结果，对钻进效率进行评估，并对影响钻进效率的因素进行讨论，寻找提升钻进效率的手段。最后，采用钻进现场实钻数据进行仿真实验,验证所提方法的可行性和有效性。  相似文献   

2018年秦皇岛风暴潮前后岸基站及浮标主要水质参数变化分析     

马方方  王刚  毕玉明  周秋伶  桓清柳 《海洋技术学报》2019,38(6):68-74

对2018年8月秦皇岛风暴潮期间3个入海口岸基站及邻近海域浮标的监测数据进行分析,结果显示:风暴潮导致入海口水体中COD、总磷、总氮和氨氮含量均明显升高;风暴潮2 d之后,3个入海口邻近海域均发生赤潮,此次赤潮的发生与风暴潮导致陆源入海污染物骤然大幅升高有关。此次风暴潮导致秦皇岛人造河口、大蒲河口和七里海3个岸基监测站的COD监测日均值最高分别达到15.83 mg/L、8.70 mg/L和7.92 mg/L,约升高至前期的2倍、1.5倍和2倍;人造河口总氮变化不大,大蒲河口和七里海总氮升高30%左右;大蒲河口总磷变化不大,人造河口总磷为前期的3.5倍,升高幅度最大,七里海总磷为风暴潮之前两日的2倍,但未超过前一周的最高浓度;风暴潮当天及第二天,人造河口、大蒲河口、七里海氨氮日均值陆续达到最高,分别为2.34 mg/L、1.11 mg/L和0.12 mg/L,分别为风暴潮前两日的7倍、3.5倍和10倍。风暴潮过后,入海口临近海域发生赤潮,浮标监测到叶绿素a最高值为76.4μg/L,pH和溶解氧也大幅升高。分析表明,此次风暴潮导致的入海口污染物突然大幅升高为风暴潮之后的赤潮发生提供了充足的营养基础。  相似文献